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Q . Describe the morphology of E.
Histolytica and its life cycle…?
A . E. Histolytica ek protojoa
parasite hai. Jo ki insan ke pet mein rahata hai. Yah parasite kafi chhota hota
hai, kareeb 10 micron lamba aur 20 micron chaura hota hai. Iski morphology ko
dekhne se pata chalta hai ki yah ek amiba jaisa hai. Sharirein ek nucleus hota
hai. E. Histolytica ka mein do prakar ke organelles hote hain - cysts &
trophozoits.
Cysts ek dormant stage hota hai. jisme parasite ek
protective coat mein band hota hai. Cysts ki morphology spherical hoti hai jo
10- 20 micron ki hoti hai. Jab yah cysts insan ke pet mein jata hai to apni
coat ko nikal deta hai aur active stage mein badal jata hai. Jise trophozoites
kahate hain. Trophozoite morphology mein
bhi amoeba jaisi hi hoti hai, lekin
ismein ek nucleus ke alawa bhi kuchh organelles hote hain.
E. Histolutica ka life cycle kuchh is tarah se hota hai- jab insan kisi bhi tarah se infected water ya
food khata hai sharirein cysts hote hain to yah cysts insan ke pet mein chala
jata hai, vahan cysts apne coat ko nikal dete hain aur trophozoite bante hain.
Trophozoits
pet mein reproduce karte hain aur apne aap ko divide karke sankhya badhate
hain. Jab ek trophozoits pet mein bade ho jaate hain. Toh kuchh off them cysts ke andar jakar apne
aap ko bandh lete hain ya band kar lete hain aur fir yah cysts pet se nikal ke
bahar jakar insan ke surrounding mein aa jaate hain.
Jab
ek dusra insan infected water ya contaminated food khata hai sharirein yah
cysts maujud hota hai to cycle fir se shuru hota hai. Ek bar jab insan infected ho jata hai, toh
trophozoits unke pet ke lining mein hole bana kar unhe damage karte hain. Isase
gut mein bleeding hoti hai aur diarrhoea jaisi problem shuru hoti hai. Yadi
trophozoits insan ke pet se bahar nikal jaate hain to vah lungs, liver aur baki organs ko infect/damage kar
sakte hain.
Isliye e. Histolytica infection se
bachne ke liye jaruri hai ki aap proper sanitation maintain karen aur clean
drinking water ka upyog karen yadi aapke pet mein koi infection ke lakshan
dikhai de rahe hain jaise ki diarrhoea, pet dard to aapko apane doctor se jald
se jald milana chahie.
Q. Write about the function of cells
and organs of immune system ?
A. Immune system aur uske ang
(cells & organs) hamare sharir ke swasthya ke liye bahut mahatvpurn hai.
Hamari immunity hamare sharir ko kisi bhi prakar ke sankraman se bachati hai
aur uske sath hi sharir ke andar ke kharab cells ko bhi destroy karne mein
sahayata karti hai.
Immune system ke mukhy ang hote hai t-cells,
b-cells, antibodies, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland aur bone marrow
hote hain. Yah sabhi ang milkar immune
system ko majbut karte hain aur hamare sharir ke liye bahut hi mahatvpurn karya
karte hain ine sab ka karya alag-alag hota hai.
T-cells, b-cells or
antibodies hamari immunity ke mukhya ang hain. T-cells sharir ke cells ko
recognize karne unhone destroy karne mein sahayata karta hai. Yah cells kisi
bhi prakar ke antigen ko recognize karne ke liye taiyar hota hai. Antigen ko
t-cells recognize karte hain aur unhen destroy karne ke liye activate ho jaate
hain.
B-cells,
jo ki hamare sharir mein antibody ko produce karte hain. Yah cells kisi bhi
prakar ke antigen recognize karne ke liye taiyar hote hain aur jab yah cell
kisi bhi antigen ko recognize karte hain to yah use antigen ko recognise karne
wale antibody ko produce karte hain. Yah antibodies antigen ko recognize karane
ke sath sath destroy karane me bhi madad karate hai.
Splen, jo ki hamare sharir ke upar left
side mein hota hai yah hamare sharir mein upsthit kharab cells ko destroy karta
hai aur hamare sharir ke sath hi hamare sharir ke lymph-nodes ke sath bhi milkar hamare sharir ko sankraman
se bachata hai.
Lymph-nodes hamare sharir ke bahut sare jagah per maujud
hote hain. Yah hamare sharir mein upsthit antigens ko recognise karte hain aur unhen destroy
karne ke liye t-cells aur b-cells ko activate karte hain.
Thymus gland, jo ki hamare sharir mein
upar me chest mein maujud hota hai. Yah
gland t-cells ke develop karne mein sahayata karta hai.
Bone
marrow, jo ki hamare sharir mein andar
maujud hota hai. Aur isase hamare sharir mein kafi sari cells develop hoti hai.
Yah cells hamare sharir ke immunity ke liye kafi mahatvpurn hota hai.
Immune
system aur uske ang hamare sharir ke liye kafi mahatvpurn hai. Yah hamare sharir ko kisi bhi prakar ke
sankraman se bachate hain aur uske sath hi hamare sharir ke kharab cells ko bhi
destroy karte hain. Ang ko swasth rakhne
ke liye sahi diet aur life style ka palan karna bahut jaruri hai.
Q . Write the morphology and diagnosis to schistosomes..?
A . Schistosomes jo ki “blood
fluxes” ke naam se bhi jana jata hai,
kuchh aise parasites hote hain jo ki insan ke khoon mein rahte hain aur
unki larva hamare sharir ke andar rahata hai.
Yah parasite khae jaate hain ya fir unke jari insan ke sharir me pravesh
kar jaate hain. Jahan vah larva stage se adult stage tak khud ko vikas karte
hain. Jab yah adult stage mein pahunchte
hain tab ye insan ke sharir se bahari hisson se khoon ko peene lagte hain.
Schistosomes ki diagnosis ke liye kuch test hai, jinme
sabse pahale hai stool examination,
sharire sample me stool liya jata hai. Dusra test hai urine examination,
sharirein urin sample liya jata hai. Is
test ke jarie parasite ke eggs ka pata lagaya jata hai. Iske alava agar
insan ke khoon mein parasite maujud hain to kuchh blood test ki bhi iski
diagnosis ki jaati hai.
Schistosomes ke lakshan kuchh aise hote hain jaise ki -
sharir mein dard, bukhar, thakavat, khansi, gale mein sujan, khoon ki kami, pet
mein dard, qai aur badhazmi e.t.c.
In
lakshanon ke samay rahte pahchan karne se aur treatment shuru karne se is
bimari ko puri tarah se theek kiya ja sakta hai.
Schistosomes ki treatment ke liye kuchh davaiyan uplabdh
hai jinmen se pramukh davaiyan hain - praziquantel aur oxamniquine. Ye davaiyan parasite ko marne ke liye kam aati
hai aur unke vikas ko rokati hai.
Iske
alava insan ke khoon ki kami ko pura karne ke liye iron supplement bhi diya
jata hai.
Schistosomes ke bare mein jankari hona bahut jaruri hai.
Jisse ham is bimari ko samay rahte pahchan kar saken aur uska treatment kar
sake, isliye regular checkup aur swasth rahane ke upayon ka palan karna bahut
jaruri hai.
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