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Q . Define antigen. Describe the property of a good
antigen…?
A . Antigen ek aisa molecule
hota hai jo hamari immune system ko activate karne ki kshamta rakhata hai. Aur
use pahvhanne me madad karata hai. Koun se molecule hamare sharir ke liye dost
hai aur koun dushman.
Ek
achcha antigen use molecule ko kahate hain jo immune system ko confuse na karen
aur sirf disease causing organisms ko pahchan.
Iske alava ek achcha antigen immune response ko badhane mein bhi madad
karta hai.
Iske alava ak good antigen use samay
kam karte hain jab vah hamare immune system ko prati-virodh karne ke liye
prerna dete hain. Aur dusri taraf vah hamare sharir ke swasthy angon ko nuksan
bhi nahin pahunchate hain. Is prakar ek good antigen ki do mahatvpurn gun hote
hain-
Prati virodh prerna dena.
Swasth angon ko nuksan nahin
pahunchana.
Isase
pahle ki koi vaccine banaya jaaye acche antigens ko chune jaate hain taki wah
prati-virodh prerna den aur swasth angon ko nuksan na pahunchayen.
Q . Write briefly
the morphology and life cycle of giwidia lambia ?
A
. Giwidia lambia ka marprology chhota hota hai 1-2 mm hight
mein hota hai aur sukhne ke bad tan ho jata hai. Iska life cycle mein ya ek
protojoa parasite jaisa hai jo insan ke intestine mein rahata hai aur kuchh
shuruaati lakshan dikhata hai jaise - ki pet dard, pet ki jalan, ghabrahat,
ulti aur kabhi-kab
hi bukhar
bhi aata hai.
Yah parasite insan ke liye khatarnak ho sakta
hai, khaskar bacchon aur marijon ke liye. Yah khane-pine ke madhyam se failta hai sharirein
infected pani ya khana shamil hota hai.
Iski life cycle me do stage hote hain.- ek trophozoits stage aur
ek cysts stage. Trophozoite stage mein yah parasite actively move karta hai aur
host ki intestine mein multiply karta hai.
Jab yah host ke intestine se bahar nikalta hai, to yah cysts stage mein convert
ho jata hai. Sharirein yah inactivate rahata hai.
Jab
yah cysts satge mein bahar nikalta hai aur kisi dusre host mein pahunchta hai,
to yah trophozoite stage mein convert ho jata hai aur dobara multiply karne
lagta hai. Yah cycle aage badhati hai aur yah parasite fir se infect karta hai.
Q . What is hiv ? Explain its effect to human body and
lab diagnosis..?
A . HIV (human immuno
deficiency virus) ek virus hai, jo insan
ke immun system ko nuksan pahunchata hai. Jab yeh virus insan ke sharir mein
pravesh karta hai to yah immune system ke kuchh hisson per attack karta hai,
aur kamjor banata hai, aur aage chalkar aids (acquired immuno deficiency
syndrome) ka karan ban jata hai.
Hiv
ke pravesh insan ke sharir mein sharir ke – blood, semen, vaginal fluids ya breast milk ke jarie hota hai. Is virus ke pravesh hone ke bad yah sharir ke
t-cells per attack karta hai. T-cells
sharir ko raksha karta hai, lekin hiv unko nuksan pahuncha kar sharir ki
roktham kam kar deta hai.
Hiv
ke infection ke shuruaati symptoms mein
sharir mein dard, bukhar, gale mein sujan, thakavat & bukhar jaisi
samasyaon ho sakta hai.
Hiv ka lab diagnosis blood test se hota
hai. Sharirein rapid test bhi hota hai, blood test mein antigen aur antibody ka
pata lagaya jata hai. Antigen hiv ke infection ke shuruaati lakshan ko detect
karta hai aur antibody virus ke prati immune response ko detect karta hai.
Agar hiv ke shuruaati lakshan mein hi pata chal jaate
hain, to iska ilaaj kiya ja sakta hai aur hiv ko kamjor karne ki dava di ja
sakti hai. Lekin yadi iska ilaaj na kiya jaaye to yah sharir ko kamjor karke
aids jaisi gambhir bimari ka karan ban jata hai.
Aids me sharir ki raksha karne wale
t-cells kam ho jaate hain aur sharir ke prati raksha tantra kamjor ho jata hai.
Iske karan sharir ko kai tarah ki gambhir bimariyon ho jaati hai, aur aakhir
mein iske karan hi maut bhi ho jaati hai.
Isliye
hiv ke infection se bachne ke liye
surakshit “sex” ki jarurat hai ‘condom’ ka upyog hiv se bachne ka surakshit
tarika hai. Hiv ke ilaaj ke liye davaiyan di jaati hai jo virus ko kamjor karta
hai aur sharir ko aids se bachata hai. Hiv ke bare mein sahi jankari hone per
ham is virus ko rok sakte hain aur logon ko isase bacha sakte hain.
Q . What is difference between allergy and hypersensitivity..?
A . Allergy and hypersensitivity ke beech ka antar yah hai ki allergy ek tarah ka hypersensitivity hota hai. Jisme kisi vishesh vastu (jaise ki pollen, dust, ya khane ke chij) ke prati sharir ka atirikt pratikriya hota hai. Allergy ka prabhav jyada teji se hota hai aur sharir mein allergic reaction ke lakshan dikhai dene lagte hain. Jaise ki – khujali, jalan, chehre per sujan, sans lene mein dikkat ya fir gale mein kharash ho jaati hai.
Hypersensitivity doosri or sharir ke hyper active immune response ka ek umbrella term hai. Ismein allergy bhi shamil hai, lekin yah sirf ek hissa hai. Types of hypersensitivity —-
Type 01 hypertensitivity- yah allergy jaisa hota hai aur ismein aantrik reaction bahut teji se hota hai.
Type 02 hypersensitivity- ismein sharir ke antibodies kisi vishesh cell ya tissue ke khilaf hone ke karan karya kshamta kam karne lagta hai.
Type 03 hypertensitivity– ismein antibodies ka vishesh vastu ke sath reaction hota hai aur isase autoimmune rog hote hain.
Type 04 hypersensitivity– ismein thoda samay lagta hai ek prati-vikriya dikhai dene ke liye.
Samanya taur per allergy ka matlab hota hai ki sharir ke hyper active immune response se kisi vishesh vastu ke prati pratikriya hoti hai. Jabki hypertensitivity ka matlab hota hai ki sharir ke immune system ki karya kshamta ko antriksh uttar hai kisi bhi prakar ka anukul ya viprit vastu ke prati.
Q . Define hypertensitivity describe in detail type 1 hypertensitivity…?
A . Hypersensitivity ka matlab hota hai jyada sensitive hona. Yah ek aisa condition hota hai jahan per kisi bhi tarah reaction body ke immune system se hota hai. Iske karan body ke cells and tissue ko nuksan bhi pahunch sakta hai.
Type 1 hypersensitivity ek tarah ka allergic reaction hota hai. Jisme body ka immune system ek aisa antigen (jaise ki pollen, dust, ya koi bhi aur chij) ko mistaken identify karta hai aur uske against aapana antibody ke produce karta hai. Jab antigen se dobara contact hota hai to body ke cells histamine release karta hai, jo blood vessels ko widen karta hai. Aur fluid leakage ka result hota hai.
Isase itching, sneezing, watery eyes, rashes aur asthma ki problem ho sakti hai. Is tarah ka reaction kisi bhi time aur kisi bhi age mein ho sakta hai. Aur iske karan ka pata lagana mushkil ho sakta hai. Allergy testing se yah reaction ka pata lagaya jata hai. Antihistamines ya steroids jaise medicines se iska ilaaj kiya ja sakta hai.
Q . Describe the life cycle of leishmania donovani..?
A . Lesmania donovani ek prakar ka protojoa parasite hai jo insan aur janvaron mein kalaja aur visceral aur lesmaniasis jaise bimariyon ke karan hota hai. Iski life cycle do chhoti jivashmo(host) ke beech mein hoti hai. - ek hota hai sandfly(phlebotomus argentipes) aur dusra hota hai insan ya koi janwar.
Jab koi sandfly insaan ke khoon ko chusta hai to usmein leishmania donovani ke jooshilaate jeevashma(promastigote) shamil ho jate hai. Yah jivashma sandfly ke pet mein multiply karte hain. Aur ek week ke bad sand fly ka urine ke sath nikalte hain.
Jab koi insan ya janwar infected sandfly ke kaatne se infected hota hai, to usmein jooshilaate jivashma unhin ke khoon mein pravesh karte hain. Yahan vah unka dusra roop leta hai, jo amastigote ke naam se jana jata hai. Yah amastigote insan ya janwar ke khoon mein mil jaate hain. Yah cells insan ya janwar ki spleen, liver aur bone marrow mein pravesh karte hain aur vahan vah apna colony banate hain.
Is tarah leishmania donovani ka life cycle mein dusra jivashm host ki tarah insan ya janwar ko use karta hai. Agar koi insan ya janwar infected hai to wah dusra sand fly ko infect kar sakta hai. Aur is tarah infection aage failta hai.
Kala jaar aur visceral leishmaniasis jaise bimariyan ek bar infected hone ke bad bahut khatarnak hoti hai. In bimariyon ke lakshan mein bukhar, thakan, pet dard, spleen aur liver ka badhana aur anemia shamil hai. Isliye in bimariyon ke khilaf bachav ke liye sandfly bite se bachana, infected sandfly ke beech mein jana, infected insan ya janwar ke sath samanya saman ka upyog na karne aur jald se jald ilaaj shuru karne ki salah di jaati hai.
Q . Describe the morphology and life cycle of entamoeba histolytica….?
A . Entamoeba histolytica ek microscopic organism hai jo human intestine mein rahata hai aur dysentery jaise bimari ke karan banta hai. Iske life cycle bahut hi saral hai.
Yah ek protojoa hai jo amoeba ke roop mein dikhai deta hai. Iski morphology mein golakar sharir hota hai jiska size 10-60 microns tak hota hai. Iske andar ek nucleus aur kuchh aur organelles hoti hai.
Life cycle do parts mein divide hota hai- pahla hai trophozoite stage aur dusra hai cysts stage. Trophozoites stage mein, yah organism human intestine mein hota hai aur uska khana pachata hai. Jab yah intestine ke tissue mein penetrate kar leta hai to yah dysentery ka karan banta hai.
Jab yah organism bahar nikalta hai to ye cyst mein convert ho jata hai. Is stage mein yah organism inactive hota hai aur uska size bhi chhota ho jata hai.
Cyst stage mein yah organism bahar survive kar sakta hai aur dusra host mein jakar bimari faila sakta hai.
Jab koi vyakti ya janwar infected khana khata hai jo ki is organism ke cysts se inefect ho chuka hai to uske andar cysts khul jaate hain aur trophozoite stage mein convert ho jaate hain. Yah trophozoite phir intestine mein pachate hain aur bimari ko failate hain.
Entamoeba histolytica ke treatment ke liye antibiotics ka use kiya jata hai. Is bimari se bachne ke liye, khana pakana, saaf rakhna aur hamesha saaf pani pina chahie. Yah bimari bahut hi kantagious hai isliye infected vyaktiyon se dur rahana bhi important hai.
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