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Q . Write morphology and life cycle of free living amoeba?
A . Amoeba ek prakar ka prottozoa hai, jo ki ek eukaryotic cell se bana hai. Ye ek free living organism hai, yani ki wo dusare organism ke bina bhi apani life cycle complete kar sakata hai. Amoeba ka morphology bahut hi simple hota hai. Yah ek cellular organism hai, jiske ander ek nucleus hota hai. Isake charo tarf cytoplasm hota hai. And iske uper chalane wale pseudopodia hoti hai.
Amoeba ki life bahut hi simple hoti hai. Isake life cycle mein do stages hote hai. - trophozoite and cysts.
Trophozoites stage mein amoeba active hota hai aur khana digest karata hai. Is stage me amoeba apani pseudopodia ka use karke apani aahar ko pakadta hai aur phir use apane cytoplasm me le leta hai. Jab amoeba khana digest karta hai to use carbon dioxide water aur energy milata hai.
Jab amoeba apani life cycle complete karane ke liye taiyar hota hai to wo cysts me convert karata hai. Cysts stage me amoeba inactive hota hai aur koi aahar nahi leta hai.
Is stage amoeba apane aap ko protect karata hai aur unfavourable conditions se bachane le liye apane outer layer me hard shell banata hai. Jab ye hrad shell khtm ho jata hai to amoeba phir se apane aap ko active stage me convert kar leta hai aur apna khana digest karane ke liye ready ho jata hai.
Is tarh amoeba ka life cycle bahut hi simple hota hai. Yah ek free living organism hai, jiski morphology bahut hi simple hoti hai. Aur jiska life cycle do stage me complete hota hai- trophozoite and cysts. Trophozoite stage me amoeba active hota hai aur apana khana digest karata hai, wahi cysts stage me amoeba unfavouble condition se bachane ke liye protect karta hai..
Q . Write the diagnosis, morphology and life cycle of blood flukes…?
A . blood flukes ya schistosome ek prakar ka parasitic flatworm hote hai, jo insaan and animals me paye jate hai. Ye ek parakar ka khatrnak bimari hai jo inshano ko infect karta hai. Blood flukes, jise schistosoma mansoni, schistosoma haematobium, aur schistosoma japonicum bhi kaha jata hai.
Morphology..
Blood flukes, jise schistosoma kahate hai, jhulas ke jaisa hote hai. Yah kuchh milimeter se kuchh centimeter tak lamba ho sakata hai. Inka sharir lamba, patla and silsila wala hota hai, jisme antrik cavities aur organs hote hai. Blood flukeske ke sharir ke ander do pair chhote chhote chalane wale organ hote hai. Jise chilia kaha jata hai. Blood fluukes ke sharir ke ek hisse me digestive system and dusare hisse me reproductive organ hote hote hai.
Diagnosis…
Blood flukes ka pata stool test ya urine test se kiya jata hai. Kyonki blood flukes ka reproductive system human body ke sharir ke ander maujud hota hai, isliye inke eggs and kide insaan ke stool and urine se bahar nikaalate hai. Isake alawa koi insaan contaminated water me nahata hai, jisme blood flukes ke ande maujud hote hai, to bhi unke infection ke chance badh jaate hai…
Life cycle…
Blood flukes ka life cycle water me hota hai. Blood flukes ke ande paani me chhod diye jate hai. Jaha unke ande se chhote chhote mirchon jaisi kide nikalate hai., jo kisi talab nadi me rahate hai. Jab koi insaan infected water me nahata hai to ye kide unake sharir me pravesh kar jate hai. Blood flukes apane jiwan ka agla bhaag apane intermediate host ke ander beetate hai aur aage badhate hai. Blood flukes insaan ke sharir me jata hai, aur phir pure sharir me failta hai..
Blood flukes ka ilaj dawai se kiya jata hai. Contaminated water, food and jagah se bachana chahiye.
Q. Ennumerate different serological tests.
A . serological test ka upyog kisi vyakti ke shrir me antibody ka upasthiti ki abhav ko janvhane ke liye kiya jata hai. Yah test covid-19 jaisi bimariyon ke liye mahtvpurn hote hai. Jisse samay se pahle pata chal jata hai ki kisi vyakti ke sharir me virus ke prati pratirodhak kshamta hai ya nahi.
these are some serological tests are available–
ELISA - enzymed linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test me, sharir me antibody ki upasthiti ka pata lagaya jata hai. Is test me antigen ko pahale hi test ke liye prastut kiya jata hai………….. Aur fir agar koi antibody antigen ke sath milata hai, toh uska rang badal jata hai.. Jisse antibody ka pata lag jata hai.
RDT - rapid diagnostic test, ko bhi serological test me shamil kiya jata hai. Is test me kuch bundon me antigen hota hai aur agar kisi vyakti ke sharir me us antigen ke khilaaf antibody hota hai, toh test line display hota hai.
HI - haemagglutination inhibition test me, vyakti ke khoon me antibody ka upasthiti ka pata lagaya jaata hai. Is test me antibody aur antigen ko milakar kitani matra me antibody hai uska pata lagaya jata hai.
CFT - complement fixation test mein, sharir mein antibody ka upasthiti ka pata lagaya jata hai. Is test me, antibody aur antigen ko milakar kitani matra me antigen ke khilaaf antibody utpann ho rahi hai, uska pata lagaya jata hai.
WESTERN BLOT - is test me kisi antigen ke khilaaf utpann hone wali antibody ka pahchan kiya jata hai. Is test me antigen ko pahale alag kiya jata hai aur fir use electrophoresis ke madhyaam se alag - alag component me vibhajit kiya jata hai. Fir in component mein antibody ka upasthiti ka pata lagaya jata hai.
Ye kuchh serological test hai, jo aksar bimariyon ke samay mein upayog kiye jate hai..
Q . Describe the different type of agglutination test.
A . agglutination test ek aisa test hai, jisme antigen ya antibody ko detect karane liye kiya jata hai. Ye test agglutination principle par aadharit hote hai. Jisme specific antibody ya antigen ke presence me partiles jaise ki cells ya protein clump kar jate hai. Ye test alag-alag bimariyon ke liye alag-alag test kiye jate hai…–
Widal test– ek aisa agglutination test hai, jisse typhoid fever ka pata lagaya jata hai. Is test me patient ke blood sample mein salmonella typhi ke against antibodies ki presence ka pata lagaya jata hai. Typhoid fever me is organism ke against antibodies body ke immune system dwara produce kiye jaate hai, jise is test se detect kiya jata hai.
Coombs test – ek aisa agglutination test hai jise haemolytic anemia ke diagnosis ke liye istemaal kiya jaata hai. Is test me patient ke blood saple me rbcs ke against antibodies ki presence ka pata lagaya jata hai. Haemolytic anemia me rbcs ke against antibodies immune system dwara produce kiye jate hai,jise is test se detect kiya jata hai.
ELISA– enzyme linked immunosorbent assay bhi ek agglutination test hai jise viral infection, autoimmune disease , cancer, allergy, aur bimariyo ke diagnosis ke liye istemaal kiya jata hai. Is test me antigen ya antibody ko detect karane ke liye specific enzymes ka istemal kiya jaata hai. Is test ke result ki accuracy bahut high hoti hai aur isliye ye bahut jyada istemaal kiya jaata hai.
In sabhi agglutination test ko properly perform kiya jana bahut important hai. Taki accurate results aaye aur sahi treatment diya ja sake.
Q . What are the different type of immunoglobulines, write its function.
A . immunoglobulins ko antibodies bhi kaha jata hai aur isake paanch parakar hote hai, jinka alag- alag kam hota hai.
IgG – yah sabse common prakar ka antibody hai, jo blood me paya jata hai aur bacteria and virus se ladane me help karata hai. Yah pregenent women ko bachche ko bhi immune karta hai.
IgA – yah antibody sharir ke mucous membrane me paya jata hai, jaise shwasan aur pacan tantr me. Yah pathogens ko sharir me jane rokta hai.
IgM – yah antibody sharir me nayi infection ke jawaab me banta hai, aur immune response ko early stage me kaam karta hai.
IgE – yah antibody allergic reaction me kaam karata hai, aur sharir ko parasites se ladane me help karata hai.
IgD – yah antibody b-cells ke surface par paya jata hai aur immune response ko activate karne me help karta hai.
Q . Define hypersensitivity reaction. Describe about type - iv reaction.
A . Hypersensitivity reactions ko hindi me “atisamvedanshil prakriya” ya “atipratikriya” kahate hai. Yah ek aisi sthiti hai jab kisi vyakti ke sharir me kisi bhi chij ke prati atyadhik pratikriya hone lagati hai. Is prakar ke pratikriya aamtour par kisi dushprabhav ke karan hoti hai. Jaise ki koi dava, khane-pine ki cheez, dhool, ya fir pradushan se. Isse sharir me bimaripan aur khujali jaisi lakshan dikhai dene lagate hai.
Hypersensitivity reaction char prakar ki hoti hai.
Type -1 hypersensitivity reaction allergic reactions kahlata hai aur unhe ige mediated bhi kaha jat hai. Yah pratikriya kuchh hi samay me shuru ho jati hai. Jaise ki kuchh minutes ya ghante me aur isse hives, itching, swelling aur anaphylaxix jaisi pareshaaniyan ho sakti hai.
Type-2 hypersensitivity reactions antibody mediated hote hai aur yah tab hoti hai jab antibodies cells par antigens ke sath bandh jaate hai, jisse unki tabahi ho jati hai. Isse haemolytic anemia aur thrombocytopenia jaisi bimariyan ho sakti hai.
Type-3 hypersensitivity reactions immune complex mediated hote hai aur antigens aur antibodies ke immune complexes tissue me deposit ho jate hai, jisse inflammation aur tissue damage ho jata hai. Isse lupus aur rheumatoid arthritis jaisi bimariyan ho sakti hai.
Type-4 hypersensitivity reaction delayed hote hai, aur cell mediated hote hai. Yah 2-72 ghanton ke baad antigens ke exposure ke baad ho sakti hai. Isme t-cells activate hote hai aur isse contact dermatitiss aur tuberculin skin tests jaisi bimariyan ho sakti hai.
Hypersensitivity reaction ki diagnosis clinical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, jaise skin testing blood tests aur biopsy se ki jaati hai. Treatment reaction ke prakar aur gambhirata ke anusar alag ho sakta hai. Lekin isme avoidance of the offending antigen, medications jaise antihistamines aur corticsteroids, aur immunotherapy shaamil ho sakta hai.
Hypersensitivity reactions ke patients ke quality of life- threatening hone ke khatre hote hai. Isliye healthcare providers ko alag alag prakar ke hypersensitivity reactions ke bare me jankari hona chahiye. Aur sahi upchar ke chunav me help karana chahiye.
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