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Q . Describe tumor immunology, itsprinciple and process..
A . tumor immunology ko hum “gannanuma rog ke prateekriya” kahate hai. Iska mukhya tatv hai immune systems, jo sharir ko kisi bhi parakar ke sankraman se bachata hai. Jab koi tumor sharir ke ander banta hai, to yah immune systems ko chhupane ki koshish karta hai aur iske khilaaf saampaadak karyon ko kam kar deta hai.
Tumor immunology ka udeshya hai immune system ko phir se sthool roop se gannanumaa rog se ladne ke liye taiyaar karna. Iske liye researchers immune systems ke kshamataon ko badhaane wale tareeke khoj rahe hai, jaise ki cancer vaccine aur immunotherapy.
Cancer vaccine, ek prakar ka immunotherapy hai jisme tumor se ladne ke liye immune systems ko sthool roop se taiyar kiya jata hai. Isme tumor ke kuchh mahaattvapoorn vishleshan parrakiya tattv (antigen) ko aam tour par ek sath laye jate hai aur immune systems ko unke khilaaf ladane ke liye taiyar kar diya jata hai.
Immunology ek anya prakar ka tumor immunology hai, jisme immune system ke kshamtaon ko badhane davaon ka upyog kiya jata hai. Isme immune system ko badhane wale tattv (jaise ke checkpoint inhibitors) ko prayog kiya jata hai. Jo immune systems ko gannanumaa rog se ladne ke liye adhik prabhaavee banaate hai.
In dono tarah ke upkaranon ke upyog se, tumor immunology immune system ko sthool roop se taiyar karane kee koshish kar raha hai taaki wah gannanuma rog se nipat sake.
Q . Introduce dengue mosquitoes. Describe shortly about dengue hemorrhagic fever.
A . Dengue mosquitoes ko hindi aur english me “dengue machchar” kaha jata hai.
Yeh aedes aegypti naam ke machchar hota hai jo dengue virus ko insaan ke sharir mein failata hai. Ye machchar aam taur par gande paani jaise sthalon mein pae jate hai aur bimari failane ke liye insaan ke blood se failate hai. Dengue machchar ke katane se dengue bukhar ka khatra rahta hai, jiski wajah se insaan ko kamzori, bukhar, pet dard aur ulti jaisi takleef hoti hai.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever ek gambhir dengue bukhar ka roop hai. Jisme insan ke blood me platelets ki kami ho jati hai aur blood clott nahi hota hai. Iske lakshan me bukhar, badan dard, pet dard, ulti, saans lene me takleef, aur blood ki kami shamil hai. Agar iski sahi samay par ilaaj nahi kiya jaye to ye jindagi khatre mein daal sakta hai.
Q . Write morphology and life cycle of free living anuba.
A . Free living auba, jo ki ek prakar ka micro-organism hai, iska morphology chhota aur simple hota hai. Yah ek unicellular organism hota hai. Jiska size bahut chhota hot ahia aur yah mostly water bodies me paye jate hoi.
Life cycle me, anuba ka reproduction asexual hota hai. Jisme ek cell ko devide hone se do naye cells bante hai. Yah process bahut jaldi hota hai, aur iski karan anuba ki population badi tezi se badhati hai.
Anuba apana energy photosynthesis se prapt karta hai. Jisme ye suraj ki roshani ko apni khurak ke roop mein istemaal krate hai. Yah ek autotrophic organism hota hai. Aur iske liye carbon dioxide, sunlight aur water ki zaroorat hoti hai.
Overll, anuba ka morphology aur life cycle bahut simple hai aur iske karan ye bahut common aur widespread organism hai, jo ki bahut sare ecosystems mein paye jaate hai.
Q . What are antibodies ?explain its structure with clean diagram.
A . Antibody ek prakar ke protein hote hai jo hamare sharir ke immune system ke dwara utpann kiye jate hai. Ye hamare sharir ko kisi bhi prakar ke sankraman se bachane me help karate hai.
Antibodies ka kaam hota hai ki wo sharir me maujood visheshkar ke shithilkarnakosh (bacteria, viruses, parasites etc) ke against fight karate hai aur unhe marane me help karate hai. Jab hamare sharir me kisi bhi prakar ke shithilkarnakosh pravesh karte hai, to hamare immune systems ke ‘antibody’ utpann karate hai aur unhe khatmm karane ke liye prerna dete hai.Har ek antibody ek visheshakar ke shithilkarnakosh ka pravesh hota hai. To hamare immune systems ko uske virudh ladane ke liye naye antibody utpann karna padta hai.
Antibody ko sharir me maujood hona bahut jaruri hai. Kyonki ye hamari shair ko kisi bhi prakar ke sankraman se bachate hai aaur hame swasth rahne me help karate hai.
Q . What are B-cells ? Write about its origin and functions.
A . B-cell also known as b-lymphocytes, are type of white blood cells that plays a vital role in immune systems. Yeh hamre bone ke ander maujood majboot aur sponge jaise tissue (bone marrow) mein banta hai.
B-cells ka main function antibody banana hota hai. Jo foreign viruses and bacteria se ladane aur unhe marne mein help karta hai. Is prakriya ko humoral immune response kahate hai.
B-cells ke surface par ek alag prakar ka structure hota hai. Jo ki b-cell receptor (bcr) ke naam se jana jata hai aur antigen ko pahchanane me help karta hai. Jab b-cell kisi antigen se milta hai jo uske bcr se match karta hai, to ye activate ho jata hai aur ek specialized cell, plasma cell, mein divide aur differentiate hone lagta hai.
Plasma cell antibody ko banane ka jimmedar hota hai, jo ki b-cell ne encounter kiya antigen ko recognize aur bind kar sakte hai. Plasma cells dwara banaya gaya antibodies, antigen ko inactive ya phir use attack karane ke liye dusre immune system ke cells ko signal dene ke madhyam se cells ko signal dene ke madhyam se kaam karte hai.
Antibodies banane ke alawa, b-cells ka kaam antigen ko dusre imune system ke cells, jaise ki t-cells, tak pahunchana bhi hota hai. Is prakriya se t-cells activate hote hai aur ek coordinated immune response shuru hone lagta hai.
Overall, b-ccells hamare immune systems ka ek mahatvapurna hissa hai, jo ki hume infections aur diseases se bachane mein help karta hai…
Q . Describe the protozoa parasites found in blood .
A . protozoa ek singles cell organism hai, jo insaano me kai prakar ke bimariyan paida kar sakata hai. Kuchh aise parasites bimari hai jo human blood me paye jate hai.
Malaria, plasmodium parasites dwara paida ki jane wali bimari hai jo blood me hoti hai. Malaria bimari machharon ke katne se hoti hai, jo is bimari se sankramit hote hai. Malaria ke symptoms me bukhar, thand, headech aur manspeshi mein dard rahata hai. Agar malaria ka sahi se ilaj nahi kiya jaye to hamara jiwan khatre me aa sakta hai, khaas kar bachchon aur pregenent women mein.
Doosri samany blood mein paye jane waali protozoa sakraman chagas bimari ke karan hai jo trypanosoma cruzi organism dwara paida ki jati hai. Chagas bimari triatomine bugs ya “kissing bugs” dwara failata hai. Chagas bimari ke symptoms me - suji hui ganth aur manspeshi mein dard shaamil hai. Kabhi-kabhi chagas bimari heart problem bhi karti hai.
Leishmaniasis ke kai prakar ke roop hai jo kuchh leishmania protozoa parasites dwara paida kiye jate hai. Yah sankraman infected sandflies ke katane se badhti hai. Leishmaniasis three types ke hote hai- cutaneous, mucocutaneous aur visceral. Cutaneous leishmaniasis naak aur muh me prabhavit karta hai aur visceral leishmniasis antrik angon mein prabhavit karta hai.
Leishmaniasis ka symptoms sankraman ke prakaar ke anusaar vibhinn hote hai.
Toxoplasmosis toxoplasma gondii protozoa organism ke dwara paida ki jane wali bimari hai, jo infected billi ki potty mein payi jaati hai. Contaminated water, food & soil ko chhune se failata hai. Toxoplasmosis ke symptoms mein flu jaisa mahsus hona, sujan hui ganth aur manspeshi mein dard hota hai. Pregenent women me ya foetus ko bhi prabhavit kar sakta hai.
Babesiosi babesia microti protozoa organism ke dwara failta hai, jo infected ticks ke katane se badhti hai. Babesiosis ke symptoms me - bukhar, thand, sar dard, aur manspeshi mein dard rahta hai.
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