All shorts question & answer
Q . Balantidium…?
A . Balantidium ek single cell
protozoa organism hai jise microscope ke dwara dekha ja sakta hai. Iski size
50-200 micrometer hota hai. Yah organism vatavaran mein paya jata hai aur ek se
dusre host mein bhi jata hai.
Balantidium ke pass ek nucleus hota hai aur iska
sharir covering(membrane) se dhaka hota hai. Yah organism mainly pigs mein paya
jata hai lekin kabhi-kabhi yah
dusre janvaron mein aur insan mein bhi paya jata hai.
Balantidium infected khana pina ganda pani aur insanon aur janvaron ke sampark se
failta hai. Infected insan aur janvaron ke stool se bhi yah failta hai.
Symptoms mein diarrhea,
abdominal pain, bloating, aur kuchh cases mein decentry jaise lakshan milte
hain. Yah infection antibiotics ke sath theek ho sakta hai, lekin serious cases
mein hospitalisation ki jarurat bhi padati hai.
Q . Tokoplasma..
A . Tokoplasma ek prakar ka
antibibody hota hai jo covid-19 ke ilaaj
mein upyog kiya jata hai. Iska naam ‘toko’ se liya gaya hai kyunki yah jyadatar pregnant women ke blood mein paya
jata hai. Jab pregnant women covid-19 se infected hoti hai, to uske blood mein
antibodies paida hote hain, jinmen se kuchh tokoplasma ke roop mein bante hain.
Isliye toko plasma ko covid-19 ke marijon ka ilaaj mein istemal kiya jata
hai. Jisse unhen bimari se ladne ki
shakti milati hai. Iska upyog bade hospitalon mein kiya jata hai, jaha iske
donors ki khoj ki jati hai, aur fir isko bimari ke ke marij ke liye upyog mein laya jata hai.
Q . Neuropathology techniques…
A . Neuropathology
technique ek taknik hai jisse neurological disorder aur brain function ke study
ke liye upyog mein lai jaati hai, kuchh
neuro psychological techniques hai…
Histopathology- is technique mein brain tissue ke sample liya
jata hai aur microscope se uske structure ke bare mein study kiya jata hai.
Ismein tissue ko fix kiya jata hai, section banaya jata hai, stain kiya jata hai
aur fir uske structure ko analyse kiya jata hai.
Immunohistochemistry- yeah technique histopathology ke
sath joda jata hai. Jismein antibodies
ke use kiya jata hai specific proteins ko detect karne ke liye. Yah technique
neurodegenerative disorder jaise- alzheimer’s aur parkinson’s ke study ke liye
bahut important hai.
Electro
microscopy- yah technique tissue ke
ultrastructure ke study aur nanoscale level per cell ke parts ko analyze karta
hai. Ismein tissue ko fix kiya jata hai aur fir uske thin section ke through
electron beam se analyse kiya jata hai.
Magnetic
resonance imaging (mri)- mri ek non-invasive technique hai. Jismein
magnetic field aur radio waves ka use kiya jata hai brain ke images ko create
karne ke liye. Is technique ke through
brain ke structure aur activity ko aasani se study kiya jata hai.
Positron
emission tomography (pet) - is technique mein radio active tracers ka use
kiya jata hai brain ke metabolism ko study karne ke liye. Tracer ko inject kiya jata hai aur fir uske
emission ko detect karke brain activity ko mapa jata hai.
Ye kuchh pramukh neuro psychological
technique hai jo neurological disorder aur brain function ke study ke liye
prayukt ki jaati hai.
Q . Compliments and its pathway.?
A . Complements ek immune system
ka bahut important hissa hota hai jo ki pathogens jaise- bacteria aur viruses
ko khatm karne mein madad karta hai. Compliments parasitology mein bahut mahatvpurn hai kyunki
parasite bhi immune system ke escape mechanism ko exploit kar sakta hai.
Compliments
ke pathway ke teen mukhya routes hote hain- classical pathway, latin pathway
aur alternative pathway.
Yah teenon pathways complement proteins
ko activate karte hain, jinhen pathogens se ladne ke liye upyog kiya jata hai.
Jab koi pathogens hamare
sharir mein pravesh karta hai, to immune system antibodies aur complement
proteins ke madhyam se uske khilaf ladai shuru kar deta hai. Compliment protein
pathogens ke sarface per chipak jaate hain aur usse marne ke liye signaling casecade shuru karte hai. Yah signalling cascade antimicrobial peptides
aur inflammation ko bhi trigger karta hai.
Parasites, jaise ki
malaria ke causative agent plasmodium falciparum, immune system ke is pathway
ko manipulate kar sakta hai. Vah iska upyog karte hain aur immune system ke
attack se bach jaate hain. Isliye
parasite ke khilaf vaccine banane ke liye compliments pathway ko bhi
consider kiya jata hai.
Q . Autoimmune disease its classification and pathogenesis…
A . Autoimmune disease ek aisa
disease hai jahan per vyakti ke sharir ke apne hi ang ke khilaf yah pratikriya
hoti hai. Is rog ke karan vyakti ke sharir ke khud ke ang ko hi apna
pratirodhak tantra man leta hai aur us par attack karne lagta hai. Is rog ke karan vyakti ke sharir mein
inflammation aur damage hota hai.
Autoimmune
disease kai prakar ke hote hain jaise-
lupus, rheumotoid arthritis, multiple
sclerosis, psoriasis e.t.c. Har ek rog ke alag-alag lakshan hote hain, jaise joints mein
dard, thakan, tvacha per khujali, dimag ke kuchh hisse kam nahin karna e.t.c.
Autoimmune ke mukhya karan hai vyakti ke sharir ke
pratirodhak tantra ke khud ke ang ko bhi apnana. Jise “self-tolerance” kahate hain. Iske alava
kuchh aur karan bhi hote hain jaise jivan shaili, environmental factor, genetic
e.t.c.
Autoimmune rog ke ilaaj ke liye
davaiyan, steroid, immunosuppressant
etc, prayog kiye jaate hain. Iske
alava vyakti ko sahi aahar aur sahi jivan shaili apnana bhi bahut jaruri hai.
Q . Neutrophil..
A . Neutrophil ek tarah ka white blood cells hai jo hamare sharir mein paye jaate hain. Yah hamare sharir ke immune system ka important hissa hai aur bacteria, virus, fungi jaise germs se ladne mein madad karte hain.
Neutrophil ko hamare khoon mein paye jaate hain aur jab koi infection hota hai to yah infected area mein jama ho jaate hain aur germ ko khatm karne ke liye unke sath ladai karte hain. Yah immune system ke liye bahut important hai aur sharir ke swasthya ke liye bahut jaruri hai.
Q . T-cells…
A . T-cells ek prakar ka immune cells hote hain jo hamare sharir mein hote hain. Yah lymphocytes ki ek prakar hote hain aur hamare sharir ke liye bahut mahatvpurn hote hain.
Yah cells hamare sharir mein antibody banane ke liye jimmedaar hote hain. Jo kisi bhi prakar ke infection ya rog se hamare sharir ko bachate hain. Yah cells bhi b-cells ki tarah lymph nodes aur spleen mein paye jaate hain.
T-cells do prakar ke hote hain - cd4 aur cd8. Cd4 t-cells ki jimmedari hai hamare sharir mein antibodies banane mein sahayata karna aur cd8 t-cells ki jimmedari hai virus ya bacteria ko directly attack karke marne mein sahayata karna.
In sabhi kam ke liye t-cells kafi mahatvpurn hote hain aur bina inke hamare sharir ke liye kisi bhi tarah ka protection mushkil hota hai.
Q . Immunoelectrophoresis…
A . Immuno electrophoresis ek laboratory technique hai jo ki antigens aur antibodies ko detect karne mein upyog ki jaati hai. Yah technique antigen-antibody interaction per aadharit hai.
Is technique mein sabse pahle sample mein present antigens ko electrophoresis ke dwara alag kiya jata hai. Uske bad use sample mein present antibodies ke agarose gel ke upar ek line banakar rakha jata hai.
Antibody ke sath antigen milte hain to vah ek dusre ke sath interact karne lagte hain. Aur yah interaction agarose gel ke andar ek specific reason mein hota hai jise ham precipitation arc kahate hain.
Is tarh se, immunoelectrophoresis technique se hum antigen aur antibodies ko detect kar sakte hain. Yah technique kaafi sensitive aur specific hoti hai aur kai tarah ke samples mein upyog ki jaati hai. Jaise ki blood, serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.
Q . Phagocytes…
A . Phagocyte hamare immune system ka ek important part hota hai jo hamare sharir mein foreign particles ko identify karta hai aur unhen phagocytosis ke through consume karta hai.
Inmein do pramukh kism ke cells hote hain-
Neutrophil- yah cells se sabse jyada hote hain aur bacterial infection se ladne mein helpful hote hain. Ye cells infected area mein pahunchkar bacteria ko consume karte hain aur fir maar kar unhen khatm kar dete hain..
Macrophages- yah cells bhi bacteria ke sath-sath virus aur fungi se bhi ladne mein helpful hote hain. Yah cells inefected area mein jaate hain aur foreign particles ko consume karke unhen khatm karte hain.
Yah cells immune system ke coordination aur regulation mein bhi important roll play karte hain.
Phagocytes hamare immune system ke liye bahut important hai, kyunki yah cells hamare infection se bachate hain aur hamari sehat ko maintain karte hain.
Q . Ticks.
A . Theek se ek prakar ke chhote kide hote hain jo kitanuon se bhare hote hain. Yah janvaron ke sharir per chipak kar khoon chusne ki kriya karte hain. Yah jyadatar pashuon se insan tak chale jaate hain aur bimariyan failate hain. Inke kaatne se bahut se bimariyan jaise lyme rog, babesiya, anaplasmosis aur tularemia jaisi bimariya ko shakti hai.
Inse bachne ke liye naye jagahon per jaane se pahle apne kapde acche se dho le aur jungle ya ghas se bache. Agar aapko “ticks” kat leta hai to turant use jagah ko saaf karen aur doctor se salah le..
Q . Hapten…
A . Hapten ek aisa chemical hai jo ek protein ya carbohydrate se jude hote hain aur usse immune system ke dwara recognize kiya nahin ja sakta. Lekin jab yah hapten kisi aur molecules se bind ho jaate hain to use molecule ko antigen banata hai aur immune response ko activate karta hai.
Isliye hapten ko in-complete antigen bhi kaha jata hai. Yah bahut important roll play karte hain immunology mein aur bahut sare allergic reaction ke liye bhi responsible ho sakta hai.
Q . Primary lymphoid organ..
A . Jahan lymphocytes banta hai aur mature hota hai usi ko primary lymphide organ kahate hain. Jaise--
Thymus- ek chhota sa organ hai jo hamare chest ke beech mein hota hai. Ismein t-lymphocytes ki production hoti hai, jo immune system ke liye bahut jaruri hota hai.
Bone marrow- yah hamare haddiyon ke andar hota hai aur immune cells ki production hoti hai. Yahan per b-lymphocytes aur kuchh t-lymphocytes ke development hoti hai.
Jahan immune cells banta hai and mature hota hai use primary lymphoid organ kahate hai. Jaise - thymus , bone marrow , e.t.c.
Q . Trichomoniasis…
A . Trichomoniasis ek std (sexual transmitted disease) hai jo ek trichomonas naam ke parasite ke infection se hota hai. Yah infection khaskar mahilaon mein hota hai aur unki private parts(vagina) mein hota hai. Yah aam taur per unsafe sex se failta hai.
Trichomoniasis ke lakshan mahilaon mein hote hain, jaise ki jalan, khujali, yoni mein safed pani aana, yoni se gandh aana, ya fir urine karne mein dard hona. Purushon mein iska koi lakshan nahin hota hai.
Trichomoniasis ka ilaaj antibiotics se kiya ja sakta hai. Iske alava surakshit sex ka palan bhi mahatvpurn hai. Is bimari se bachne ke liye condom ka istemal karna chahie aur alag-alag sex partner ke sath sex karane se bachana chahie.
Is bimari se bachne ke liye aap apne doctor se paraamarsh le sakte hain aur apni suraksha ki jimmedari utha sakate hai.
Q . Difference between ova and cyst..
A . Ova and cysts donon alag-alag tarah ke reproductive structure hote hain. Jinhen samajhna mahatvpurn hai. Ova ek prajanan ang hai jo mahilaon mein hota hai aur yah andashay se nikalta hai. Jabki cysts ek tarah padarth se bhari sac hota hai jo sharir ke kisi bhi bhag mein ho sakta hai.
Ova usually ek sparm ke sath milkar fertilize karne ke liye taiyar hota hai. Jabki cyst sharir ke aanek karnon se ho sakta hai jaise - ki infection, hormonal imbalance ya fir genetic abnormalities.
Ova normally samay samay per ek mahila ke sharir se nikalta hai. Jabki cysts ke kuchh prakar ka ilaaj ki jarurat hoti hai. Yadi cyst bada ho jata hai to dard bhi karta hai, yah samanya swasthya ke liye khatarnak ho sakta hai aur ilaaj ki jarurat padta hai.
Q . Complement..
A . Complement ek prakar ka immune system hai jo hamare sharir mein maujud hote hai aur kisi bhi tarah ke virus ya bacteria se ladne mein madad karta hai. Complement mein kuchh enzyme hote hain jo virus ke sath milkar unhen nasht kar dete hain.
Parasitology mein , comlement bacteria ko nasht karne ke liye ek important defence mechanism hai. Bacteria jab hamare sharir mein inter karte hain to unhe hamari immune system ki compliment enzyme attack karte hain aur unhen marne mein madad karte hain.
Kuchh parasite jaise ki malaria apne aap ko compliment se bachane ke liye alag tarah ka mechanism develop karte hain. Isliye compliment ki study perasite ke liye bahut important hai. Taki ham unhen samajh sake aur unse ladne ke naye tarike develop kar sake.
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